15. Generic Operating System Services¶
The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:
- 15.1.
os
— Miscellaneous operating system interfaceserror
name
- 15.1.1. Process Parameters
environ
ctermid()
getegid()
geteuid()
getgid()
getgroups()
initgroups()
getlogin()
getpgid()
getpgrp()
getpid()
getppid()
getresuid()
getresgid()
getuid()
getenv()
putenv()
setegid()
seteuid()
setgid()
setgroups()
setpgrp()
setpgid()
setregid()
setresgid()
setresuid()
setreuid()
getsid()
setsid()
setuid()
strerror()
umask()
uname()
unsetenv()
- 15.1.2. File Object Creation
- 15.1.3. File Descriptor Operations
- 15.1.4. Files and Directories
access()
F_OK
R_OK
W_OK
X_OK
chdir()
fchdir()
getcwd()
getcwdu()
chflags()
chroot()
chmod()
chown()
lchflags()
lchmod()
lchown()
link()
listdir()
lstat()
mkfifo()
mknod()
major()
minor()
makedev()
mkdir()
makedirs()
pathconf()
pathconf_names
readlink()
remove()
removedirs()
rename()
renames()
rmdir()
stat()
stat_float_times()
statvfs()
symlink()
tempnam()
tmpnam()
TMP_MAX
unlink()
utime()
walk()
- 15.1.5. Process Management
abort()
execl()
execle()
execlp()
execlpe()
execv()
execve()
execvp()
execvpe()
_exit()
EX_OK
EX_USAGE
EX_DATAERR
EX_NOINPUT
EX_NOUSER
EX_NOHOST
EX_UNAVAILABLE
EX_SOFTWARE
EX_OSERR
EX_OSFILE
EX_CANTCREAT
EX_IOERR
EX_TEMPFAIL
EX_PROTOCOL
EX_NOPERM
EX_CONFIG
EX_NOTFOUND
fork()
forkpty()
kill()
killpg()
nice()
plock()
spawnl()
spawnle()
spawnlp()
spawnlpe()
spawnv()
spawnve()
spawnvp()
spawnvpe()
P_NOWAIT
P_NOWAITO
P_WAIT
P_DETACH
P_OVERLAY
startfile()
system()
times()
wait()
waitpid()
wait3()
wait4()
WNOHANG
WCONTINUED
WUNTRACED
WCOREDUMP()
WIFCONTINUED()
WIFSTOPPED()
WIFSIGNALED()
WIFEXITED()
WEXITSTATUS()
WSTOPSIG()
WTERMSIG()
- 15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Information
- 15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functions
- 15.2.
io
— Core tools for working with streams - 15.3.
time
— Time access and conversions - 15.4.
argparse
— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands- 15.4.1. Example
- 15.4.2. ArgumentParser objects
- 15.4.3. The add_argument() method
- 15.4.4. The parse_args() method
- 15.4.5. Other utilities
- 15.4.6. Upgrading optparse code
- 15.5.
optparse
— Parser for command line options- 15.5.1. Background
- 15.5.2. Tutorial
- 15.5.3. Reference Guide
- 15.5.3.1. Creating the parser
- 15.5.3.2. Populating the parser
- 15.5.3.3. Defining options
- 15.5.3.4. Option attributes
- 15.5.3.5. Standard option actions
- 15.5.3.6. Standard option types
- 15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments
- 15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
- 15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options
- 15.5.3.10. Cleanup
- 15.5.3.11. Other methods
- 15.5.4. Option Callbacks
- 15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option
- 15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called
- 15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
- 15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
- 15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
- 15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- 15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- 15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- 15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
- 15.5.5. Extending
optparse
- 15.6.
getopt
— C-style parser for command line options - 15.7.
logging
— Logging facility for Python- 15.7.1. Logger Objects
Logger
Logger.propagate
Logger.setLevel()
Logger.isEnabledFor()
Logger.getEffectiveLevel()
Logger.getChild()
Logger.debug()
Logger.info()
Logger.warning()
Logger.error()
Logger.critical()
Logger.log()
Logger.exception()
Logger.addFilter()
Logger.removeFilter()
Logger.filter()
Logger.addHandler()
Logger.removeHandler()
Logger.findCaller()
Logger.handle()
Logger.makeRecord()
- 15.7.2. Logging Levels
- 15.7.3. Handler Objects
- 15.7.4. Formatter Objects
- 15.7.5. Filter Objects
- 15.7.6. LogRecord Objects
- 15.7.7. LogRecord attributes
- 15.7.8. LoggerAdapter Objects
- 15.7.9. Thread Safety
- 15.7.10. Module-Level Functions
- 15.7.11. Integration with the warnings module
- 15.7.1. Logger Objects
- 15.8.
logging.config
— Logging configuration - 15.9.
logging.handlers
— Logging handlers- 15.9.1. StreamHandler
- 15.9.2. FileHandler
- 15.9.3. NullHandler
- 15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler
- 15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.7. SocketHandler
- 15.9.8. DatagramHandler
- 15.9.9. SysLogHandler
- 15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler
- 15.9.11. SMTPHandler
- 15.9.12. MemoryHandler
- 15.9.13. HTTPHandler
- 15.10.
getpass
— Portable password input - 15.11.
curses
— Terminal handling for character-cell displays- 15.11.1. Functions
error
baudrate()
beep()
can_change_color()
cbreak()
color_content()
color_pair()
curs_set()
def_prog_mode()
def_shell_mode()
delay_output()
doupdate()
echo()
endwin()
erasechar()
filter()
flash()
flushinp()
getmouse()
getsyx()
getwin()
has_colors()
has_ic()
has_il()
has_key()
halfdelay()
init_color()
init_pair()
initscr()
is_term_resized()
isendwin()
keyname()
killchar()
longname()
meta()
mouseinterval()
mousemask()
napms()
newpad()
newwin()
nl()
nocbreak()
noecho()
nonl()
noqiflush()
noraw()
pair_content()
pair_number()
putp()
qiflush()
raw()
reset_prog_mode()
reset_shell_mode()
resetty()
resize_term()
resizeterm()
savetty()
setsyx()
setupterm()
start_color()
termattrs()
termname()
tigetflag()
tigetnum()
tigetstr()
tparm()
typeahead()
unctrl()
ungetch()
ungetmouse()
use_env()
use_default_colors()
wrapper()
- 15.11.2. Window Objects
window.addch()
window.addnstr()
window.addstr()
window.attroff()
window.attron()
window.attrset()
window.bkgd()
window.bkgdset()
window.border()
window.box()
window.chgat()
window.clear()
window.clearok()
window.clrtobot()
window.clrtoeol()
window.cursyncup()
window.delch()
window.deleteln()
window.derwin()
window.echochar()
window.enclose()
window.erase()
window.getbegyx()
window.getbkgd()
window.getch()
window.getkey()
window.getmaxyx()
window.getparyx()
window.getstr()
window.getyx()
window.hline()
window.idcok()
window.idlok()
window.immedok()
window.inch()
window.insch()
window.insdelln()
window.insertln()
window.insnstr()
window.insstr()
window.instr()
window.is_linetouched()
window.is_wintouched()
window.keypad()
window.leaveok()
window.move()
window.mvderwin()
window.mvwin()
window.nodelay()
window.notimeout()
window.noutrefresh()
window.overlay()
window.overwrite()
window.putwin()
window.redrawln()
window.redrawwin()
window.refresh()
window.resize()
window.scroll()
window.scrollok()
window.setscrreg()
window.standend()
window.standout()
window.subpad()
window.subwin()
window.syncdown()
window.syncok()
window.syncup()
window.timeout()
window.touchline()
window.touchwin()
window.untouchwin()
window.vline()
- 15.11.3. Constants
- 15.11.1. Functions
- 15.12.
curses.textpad
— Text input widget for curses programs - 15.13.
curses.ascii
— Utilities for ASCII characters - 15.14.
curses.panel
— A panel stack extension for curses - 15.15.
platform
— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data - 15.16.
errno
— Standard errno system symbolserrorcode
EPERM
ENOENT
ESRCH
EINTR
EIO
ENXIO
E2BIG
ENOEXEC
EBADF
ECHILD
EAGAIN
ENOMEM
EACCES
EFAULT
ENOTBLK
EBUSY
EEXIST
EXDEV
ENODEV
ENOTDIR
EISDIR
EINVAL
ENFILE
EMFILE
ENOTTY
ETXTBSY
EFBIG
ENOSPC
ESPIPE
EROFS
EMLINK
EPIPE
EDOM
ERANGE
EDEADLK
ENAMETOOLONG
ENOLCK
ENOSYS
ENOTEMPTY
ELOOP
EWOULDBLOCK
ENOMSG
EIDRM
ECHRNG
EL2NSYNC
EL3HLT
EL3RST
ELNRNG
EUNATCH
ENOCSI
EL2HLT
EBADE
EBADR
EXFULL
ENOANO
EBADRQC
EBADSLT
EDEADLOCK
EBFONT
ENOSTR
ENODATA
ETIME
ENOSR
ENONET
ENOPKG
EREMOTE
ENOLINK
EADV
ESRMNT
ECOMM
EPROTO
EMULTIHOP
EDOTDOT
EBADMSG
EOVERFLOW
ENOTUNIQ
EBADFD
EREMCHG
ELIBACC
ELIBBAD
ELIBSCN
ELIBMAX
ELIBEXEC
EILSEQ
ERESTART
ESTRPIPE
EUSERS
ENOTSOCK
EDESTADDRREQ
EMSGSIZE
EPROTOTYPE
ENOPROTOOPT
EPROTONOSUPPORT
ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
EOPNOTSUPP
EPFNOSUPPORT
EAFNOSUPPORT
EADDRINUSE
EADDRNOTAVAIL
ENETDOWN
ENETUNREACH
ENETRESET
ECONNABORTED
ECONNRESET
ENOBUFS
EISCONN
ENOTCONN
ESHUTDOWN
ETOOMANYREFS
ETIMEDOUT
ECONNREFUSED
EHOSTDOWN
EHOSTUNREACH
EALREADY
EINPROGRESS
ESTALE
EUCLEAN
ENOTNAM
ENAVAIL
EISNAM
EREMOTEIO
EDQUOT
- 15.17.
ctypes
— A foreign function library for Python- 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
- 15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
- 15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
- 15.17.1.3. Calling functions
- 15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types
- 15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued
- 15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
- 15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- 15.17.1.8. Return types
- 15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- 15.17.1.10. Structures and unions
- 15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
- 15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
- 15.17.1.13. Arrays
- 15.17.1.14. Pointers
- 15.17.1.15. Type conversions
- 15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types
- 15.17.1.17. Callback functions
- 15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
- 15.17.1.19. Surprises
- 15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types
- 15.17.2. ctypes reference
- 15.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries
- 15.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries
- 15.17.2.3. Foreign functions
- 15.17.2.4. Function prototypes
- 15.17.2.5. Utility functions
addressof()
alignment()
byref()
cast()
create_string_buffer()
create_unicode_buffer()
DllCanUnloadNow()
DllGetClassObject()
find_library()
find_msvcrt()
FormatError()
GetLastError()
get_errno()
get_last_error()
memmove()
memset()
POINTER()
pointer()
resize()
set_conversion_mode()
set_errno()
set_last_error()
sizeof()
string_at()
WinError()
wstring_at()
- 15.17.2.6. Data types
- 15.17.2.7. Fundamental data types
- 15.17.2.8. Structured data types
- 15.17.2.9. Arrays and pointers
- 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial